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Early Detection of Prostate Cancer

Introduction to prostate cancerRisk factors for prostate cancerScreening for prostate cancer Digital rectal examination (DRE)Prostate specific antigen test (PSA)Transrectal ultrasound and needle biopsy

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3D Magnetic Resonance Imaging (3D MRI)

What is MRIIndicationsPreparationThe ProcedureRisksContraindications to MRI

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Screening for Bowel Cancer (Colorectal Cancer)

Why screen for bowel cancer?Who should be screened for bowel cancer? What is the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program? How does the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program work?Can people who are...

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Early Detection of Testicular Cancer

Introduction to testicular cancerRisk factors for testicular cancer Self-examination of the testiclesFeatures to noteClinical examination

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Semen Analysis (Sperm Count Testing)

Image courtesy of Blausen Medical Communications. Contact Andrew Walbank.What are sperm?The role of sperm in fertilisationMale factor infertilityWhat is sperm retrieval and when is it performed?How can...

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Pregnancy Test

What is a pregnancy test?Pregnancy testing throughout history Pre 20th Century1900ndash;19501960s1970s1980sHow does a pregnancy test work? Qualitative urine pregnancy test kitsQuantitative blood...

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PAP Smear

What is a PAP smear?Why should I have a PAP smear?What I need to know before my PAP smear?How often should I have a PAP smear?How should I prepare for a PAP smear?How is a PAP smear done?PAP smear...

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Full Blood Count (FBC, Full Blood Test or Complete Blood Count, CBC)

What is a full blood count and why is it done?How is an FBC performed?Preparing for an FBCWhat happens during an FBC? ProcedureThe FBC for childrenBlood sample analysisResults from an FBC Platelets...

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Amniocentesis Test

What is amniocentesisnbsp;Reasons for having amniocentesisWhat to expect during and after the investigationWhat do the results mean?Possible side effects/risksWhat is amniocentesisThe amnion, also...

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Skin Prick Tests

Introduction to skin prick testsWhen are skin prick tests used?How to prepare for a skin prick testWhat to expect during a skin prick testWhat do the results of a skin prick test mean?Risks of skin...

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Importance of Regular Dental Check-Ups

Introduction to dental check-upsDental check-ups in childrenThe examA beautiful smile

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Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNA)

Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNA): An introductionPerforming a Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNA) Results of a Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNA)nbsp;Effectiveiness of a Fine Needle Aspiration...

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Core Biopsy

Introduction to core biopsyHow is a core biopsynbsp;done? Results of a core biopsy How effective are core biopsies?Benefits and risks of a core biopsy Core biopsy or fine needle aspiration biopsy?

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BMI (Body Mass Index)

Introduction to the body mass index (BMI)What does your BMI mean?Why are BMIs useful?Risks associated withnbsp;extreme BMIs OverweightUnderweightWhat are the limitations of the BMI?Other measures of...

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ECG / EKG (Electrocardiogram)

What is an Electrocardiogram (ECG/ EKG)?nbsp; When is an ECG Used? How to Prepare for an ECG What Can You Expect During an ECG?What Does the ECG Record? What Can You Expect After an...

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Stress Test (Clinical Exercise Stress Testing)

Introduction to stress testingWhy do a stress test?Who cant do a stress test?Preparing for a stress testWhat happens during a stress test?Risks and benefits of stress testingWhat do the results mean?

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Wireless Capsule Enteroscopy (Capsule Endoscopy; Pill Cam)

What is wireless capsule enteroscopy?What is capsule enteroscopy used for?How do you prepare for the procedure?What does the procedure involve?What are the risks?

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Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

What is upper gastrointestinal endoscopy?What is its purpose?Preparing for the procedureThe procedureWhat are the risks?

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Measurement and Lowering of Lipoprotein(a)

What is lipoprotein(a)?Why measure lipoprotein(a)? What studies have been done on lipoprotein(a)? Who should have their lipoprotein(a) levels checked? What can be done if lipoprotein(a) levels are...

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Liver Function Tests (LFTs)

The liver carries out numerous synthetic, excretion and detoxification functions, however only a minority of these can be measured by levels of products in the blood. Liver function tests (LFTs)...

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Liver Biopsy

What is a liver biopsy? Percutaneous biopsynbsp;Transjugular biopsyLaporascopic biopsyFine needle aspirate biopsyHow to prepare for a liver biopsyIndicationsComplicationsnbsp;Liver biopsy is a valuable...

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Health Checks in Childhood

When should childrennbsp;be takennbsp;for health checks? Health checks at birthHealth checks at 1ndash;4 weeksHealth checks at 6ndash;8 weeksHealth checks at 6ndash;8 monthsHealth checks at 18...

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Cholesterol Testing

What is cholesterol?What is a cholesterol test?Why test for cholesterol?When to get tested for cholesterol?How is a cholesterol test done?Interfering factors and other considerationsHow regularly is a...

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Sigmoidoscopy

What is a sigmoidoscopy?The sigmoidoscopeWhy is a sigmoidoscopy done?The procedurePreparationWhat do the results mean?Risks and limitationsnbsp;

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Mammography (Breast Imaging)

An introduction to mammography How does a mammogram work? Who needs a mammogram? Preparing for a Mammogram Hownbsp;is anbsp;mammogramnbsp;performed? Results of a mammogram What are the benefits and...

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Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)What is GFR and how do we calculate itWhat are the normal rangesClinical importance of the GFRManagement and further investigation of reduced GFReGFRWhat is the evidence...

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Pathology Testing for Breast Cancer

Introduction to pathology testing for breast cancer What is involved in pathology testing for breast cancer? Interpretation of pathology results for breast cancer Grading of pathology results for...

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Cancer Screening

What is a screening test?What makes a good screening test?Which diseases are good to screen for?Screening guidelines Breast cancerCervical cancerColorectal cancerLung cancerMelanomaOvarian...

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Skin Biopsy

What is a skin biopsy? Why do a skin biopsy?Shave biopsyPunch biopsy When is a punch biopsy used?Surgical biopsy What happens during a surgical biopsy?

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X-Ray (General Radiology and Fluoroscopy)

Introduction to x-raysHow do x-rays work?Preparing for an x-rayWhat happens during an x-ray?Risks and benefits of x-rays

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RAST (Radioallergosorbent Test; Serum Specific IgE)

Introduction to RAST (serum specific IgE) When is RAST used? Preparing fornbsp;a RAST How is a RAST performed? Whatnbsp;do the results of a RASTnbsp;mean? Risksnbsp;of anbsp;RAST

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Pulmonary/Lung Function Tests

Introduction to lung function testsWhy are lung function tests performed?What happens during a lung function test? Peak expiratory flow (PEF)SpirometryLung volumeDiffusion capacity / gas transfer...

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Radionuclide (Isotope) Scan

Introduction to radionuclide scansWhy are radionuclide scans performed?Preparing for a radionuclide scanWhat happens during a radionuclide scan?Risks and complications of radionuclide scans

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PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

What is PCR?Applications of PCR Detecting infectious agentsThe role of PCR in cancer diagnosticsGenetic diseases and paternity testingnbsp;How does PCR work?Components required to carry out PCRSteps of...

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Computer Aided Detection (CAD) in Radiology

Introduction to computer aided detection (CAD) in radiology What is mammographynbsp;and how has CAD helped? Imaging by chest CT: Detection of lung nodules and cancer Prediction of lung function after...

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Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

Introduction to Endoscopicnbsp;Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)Clinical usesPreparationThe procedureComplications

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Diagnostic Thoracentesis

IntroductionWhy is diagnostic thoracentesis done? What should I expect during the procedure? What are the risks?

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CT Calcium Scoring

What is CT calcium scoring?What does CT calcium scoring detect?Results of CT calcium scoringPrevalence of coronary artery calcification (CAC)ProcedureSide effectsInterpretation and clinical correlation...

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Cardiac MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

What is cardiac MRI?What is MRI?How does the MRI scanner work?What will the MRInbsp;examination involve?Contraindications and risks of cardiac MRIThe benefits of cardiac MRILimitations of cardiac...

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Cardiac PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography)

What is a cardiac PET scan?How does a cardiac PET scan work?During a cardiac PET scanBenefits of a PET scanRisks of a cardiac PET scanLimitations of a cardiac PET scanResults of a PET scan

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Biomarkers of colorectal cancer

What are tumour biomarkers?How are tumour biomarkers used?How and when are they measured?What are some examples of tumour biomarkers and their uses?What is K-rasK-ras as a tumour biomarker

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Barium swallow and barium meal

What is a barium swallow/meal?What does the procedure involve?How do I prepare for a barium swallow/meal?What will the results show?Complications

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Barium enema

What is barium enema?Hownbsp;is barium enema conducted?How to prepare for anbsp;barium enemanbsp;procedureWhat the results showComplications

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An Introduction to Endoscopy

An introduction to endoscopyUpper endoscopyCapsule endoscopynbsp;nbsp;Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)ColonoscopyFlexible sigmoidoscopy

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CT Scan or CAT scan (Computed Tomography Imaging)

How does it work?The CT ScanBenefits and RisksComputed Tomography Imaging known as a CT scan (or CAT scan) is a particular type of x-ray that uses multiple x-ray beams at different angles to build up a...

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Lumbar Puncture (Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination)

A lumbar puncture is a procedure that is used to examine the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The cerebrospinal fluid is the fluid which circulates around the brain and membranes around the brain and spinal...

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Grading Prostate Cancer - The Gleason Score

Cancer staging and grading What is the Gleason Score? Calculating the Gleason score Advantages of the Gleason score Limitations of the Gleason score Tests used to stage prostate cancer Conclusion

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Digital Rectal Examination

What is anbsp;Digital Rectal Examination? (DRE) What is prostatenbsp;cancer? Incidence ofnbsp;prostate cancer Performance of anbsp;DRE Examinationnbsp;findings in DRE What is a PSAnbsp;Test? Screening...

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Identifying a suspicious mole (Skin self-examination)

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Staging of Cutaneous Melanoma

Cancer staging The TNM staging system Recent changes to the staging system Localised Melanoma (stages I and II) Regional Metastatic Melanoma (stage III) Distant Metastatic Melanoma (stage IV) nbsp;

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